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Non-halogen aqueous electrolytes for four-electron iodine conversion

Nature, Published online: 11 November 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11282-0 An electrolyte framework that harnesses anionic chemistry to coordinate the interfacial microenvironment and molecular interactions enables reversible four-electron iodine conversion in halogen-free aqueous electrolytes, and is validated in metal–iodine batteries.